Subject–Verb Agreement (SVA) | कर्ता–क्रिया सामंजस्य
Definition (English): Subject–Verb Agreement means the verb must agree with its subject in number (singular/plural) and person.
परिभाषा (हिंदी): वाक्य में क्रिया (Verb) अपने कर्ता (Subject) के वचन और पुरुष के अनुसार हो, इसे कर्ता–क्रिया सामंजस्य कहते हैं।
1. Singular Subject → Singular Verb
- Example: He plays cricket.
- उदाहरण: वह क्रिकेट खेलता है।
2. Plural Subject → Plural Verb
- Example: They play cricket.
- उदाहरण: वे क्रिकेट खेलते हैं।
3. Either / Neither / Each / Everyone / Someone → Singular Verb
- Example: Everyone is happy.
- Example: Neither of the boys was present.
- नियम: ये शब्द हमेशा एकवचन क्रिया लेते हैं।
4. Either…or / Neither…nor Rule (Nearest Subject Rule)
क्रिया निकटतम कर्ता के अनुसार होती है।
- Example: Either Ram or his friends are coming.
- Example: Neither the students nor the teacher is absent.
5. Collective Nouns (Team, Jury, Family, Crowd)
- यदि समूह को एक इकाई माना जाए → Singular verb
- यदि समूह के सदस्य अलग-अलग हों → Plural verb
Examples:
- The team is winning. (एक इकाई)
- The team are arguing among themselves. (व्यक्ति)
6. Subjects Joined by AND
- सामान्यतः Plural Verb
- Example: Ram and Shyam are brothers.
लेकिन यदि एक ही व्यक्ति/वस्तु हो:
- Bread and butter is my breakfast.
7. Subjects Joined by WITH / AS WELL AS / ALONG WITH
क्रिया पहले कर्ता के अनुसार होगी।
- Example: The teacher, along with the students, is present.
8. A Number of / The Number of
- A number of → Plural Verb
- A number of students are absent.
- The number of → Singular Verb
- The number of students is small.
9. Titles, Books, News, Games
नाम चाहे plural दिखें, क्रिया Singular होगी।
- Example: Mathematics is difficult.
- Example: The news is shocking.
10. There + Verb Structure
क्रिया वास्तविक कर्ता के अनुसार होगी।
- Example: There is a book on the table.
- Example: There are many books on the table.
Exam Tip (For CTET/TET):
👉 Subject पहचानें → उसका वचन देखें → फिर verb चुनें